2021年8月16日 星期一

字母

No. 186 佛說普曜經(一名方等本起),西晉月氏三藏竺法護譯

No. 187 方廣大莊嚴經(一名神通遊戲),大唐天竺三藏地婆訶羅奉詔譯

3. Lalitavistara, Based on the ed. by P.L. Vaidya, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1958

(Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, 1)

http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/4_rellit/buddh/bsu022_u.htm

4. 藏—英譯 https://read.84000.co/translation/toh95.html

1.

iti hi bhikṣavo daśa dārakasahasrāṇi bodhisattvena sārdhaṃ lipiṃ śiṣyante sma / tatra bodhisattvādhisthānena teṣāṃ dārakāṇāṃ mātṛkāṃ vācayatāṃ yadā akāraṃ parikīrtayanti sma, tadā anityaḥ sarvasaṃskāraśabdo niścarati sma / ākāre parikīrtyamāne ātmaparahitaśabdo niścarati sma / ikāre indriyavaikalyaśabdaḥ / īkāre ītibahulaṃ jagaditi / ukāre upadravabahulaṃ jagaditi / ūkāre ūnasattvaṃ jagaditi / ekāre eṣaṇāsamutthānadoṣaśabdaḥ / aikāre airyāpathaḥ śreyāniti / okāre oghottaraśabdaḥ / aukāre aupapādukaśabdaḥ /

186:時一萬童子,與菩薩俱在師所學,見菩薩威德建大聖慧,分別書字而宣之曰:

1)其言無者,宣於無常、苦、空、非我之音。

2)其言欲者,出淫、怒、癡諸貪求音。

3)其言究者,出悉本末真淨之音。

4)其言行者,出無數劫奉修道音。

5)其言不者,出不隨眾離名色之音。

6)其言亂者,出除濁源生死淵音。

7)其言施者,出布施、戒、慧明正音。

8)其言縛者,出解刑獄考治行音。

9)其言燒者,出燋燒罪塵勞欲音。

10)其言信者,出信、精進、定、智慧音。

187:佛告諸比丘:爾時有十千童子,而與菩薩俱在師前,同學字母

1)唱阿字時,出一切諸行無常聲;

2)唱長阿字時,出自利利他聲;

3)唱伊字時,出諸根本廣大聲;

4)唱伊字時,出一切世間眾多病聲;

5)唱烏(上聲)字時,出世間諸惱亂事聲;

6)唱烏字時,出諸世間一切眾生智慧狹劣聲;

7)唱翳字時,出所希求諸過患事聲;

8)唱愛字時,出勝威儀聲;

9)唱烏字時,出死曝流到彼岸聲;

10)唱懊字時,出皆化生聲;

Monks, then the schoolmaster taught writing to the Bodhisattva, along with ten thousand other children. However, through the power of the Bodhisattva, as the schoolmaster was saying the alphabet to the children, he did it in the following manner:

1)When he said the letter a, out came the statement: “Every composite phenomenon is impermanent (anityaḥ sarvasaṁskāraḥ).”

2)When he said the letter ā, out came the statement: “Beneficial to self and others (ātmaparahita).”

3)When he said the letter i, out came the statement: “The vast development of the senses (indriyavaipulya).”

4)When he said the letter ī, out came the statement: “The world is riddled with plague (ītibahulaṁ jagat).”

5)When he said the letter u, out came the statement: “The world is rife with misfortune (upadravabahulaṁ jagat).”

6)When he said the letter ū, out came the statement: “The world is of little substance (ūnasattvaṁ jagat).”

7)When he said the letter e, out came the statement: “Faults come from desire (eṣaṇāsamutthānadoṣa).”

8)When he said the letter ai, out came the statement: “The noble path is virtuous (airyāpathaḥ śreyāniti).”

9)When he said the letter o, out came the statement: “The stream has been forded (oghottara).” [F.67.b]

10)When he said the letter au, out came the statement: “Spontaneously generated (aupapāduka).”

2.

aṃkāre amoghotpattiśabdaḥ / aḥkāre astaṃgamanaśabdo niścarati sma / kakāre karmavipākāvatāraśabdaḥ / khakāre khasamasarvadharmaśabdaḥ / gakāre gambhīradharmapratītyasamutpādāvatāraśabdaḥ / ghakāre ghanapaṭalāvidyāmohāndhakāravidhamanaśabdaḥ / ṅakāre 'ṅgaviśuddhiśabdaḥ / cakāre caturāryasatyaśabdaḥ / chakāre chandarāgaprahāṇaśabdaḥ / jakāre jarāmaraṇasamatikramaṇaśabdaḥ /

18611)其言殊者,出超越聖無上道音。

12)其言如者,出於如來無所壞音。

13)其言寂者,出觀寂然法惔怕音。

14)其言沒者,出消瞋厭諍訟之音。

15)其言作者,出罪福報從行受音。

16)其言智者,出一切智慧無壞音。

17)其言魔者,出降魔力及官屬音。

18)其言害者,出棄自大邪見之音。

19)其言逝者,出於正法無憒亂音。

20)其言止者,出世俗力無畏之音。

18711)唱唵字時,出一切物皆無我我所聲;

12)唱阿字時,出一切法皆滅沒聲;

13)唱迦(上聲)字時,出入業果聲;

14)唱佉字時,出一切諸法如虛空聲;

15)唱伽(上聲)字時,出甚深法入緣起聲;

16)唱伽字時,出除滅一切無明黑暗厚重瞖膜聲;

17)唱哦字時,出銷滅眾生十二支聲;

18)唱者字時,出觀四諦聲;

19)唱車(上聲)字時,出永斷貪欲聲;

20)唱社字時,出度一切生死彼岸聲;

11)When he said the letter aṁ, out came the statement: “The emergence of what is efficacious (amoghotpatti).”

12)When he said the letter aḥ, out came the statement: “Reaching an end (astaṁgamana).”

13)When he said the letter ka, out came the statement: “Immersion in the full ripening of actions (karmavipākāvatāra).”

14)When he said the letter kha, out came the statement: “All phenomena are like space (khasamasarvadharma).”

15)When he said the letter ga, out came the statement: “Immersion in the profound Dharma of dependent origination (gambhīradharmapratītyasamutpādāvatāra).”

16)When he said the letter gha, out came the statement: “Eradicating the darkness of delusion and the thick veils of ignorance (ghanapaṭalāvidyāmohāndhakāravidhamana).”

17)When he said the letter ṅ, out came the statement: “The complete purification of factors (aṅgaviśuddhi).”

18)When he said the letter ca, out came the statement: “The path of the four noble truths (caturāryasatyapatha).”

19)When he said the letter cha, out came the statement: “Abandoning the passion of lust (chandarāgaprahāṇa).”

20)When he said the letter ja, out came the statement: “Transcending old age and death (jarāmaraṇasamatikramaṇa).”

3.

jhakāre jhaṣadhvajabalanigrahaṇaśabdaḥ / ñakāre jñāpanaśabdaḥ / ṭakāre paṭopacchedanaśabdaḥ / ṭhakāre ṭhapanīyapraśnaśabdaḥ / ḍakāre ḍamaramāranigrahaṇaśabdaḥ / ḍhakāre mīḍhaviṣayā iti / ṇakāre reṇukleśā iti / takāre tathatāsaṃbhedaśabdaḥ / thakāre thāmabalavegavaiśāradyaśabdaḥ / dakāre dānadamasaṃyamasaurabhyaśabdaḥ /

18621)其言生者,出度眾苦老病死音。

22)其言意者,出意堅強獨步三界音。

23)其言法者,以法等御救濟周旋往反之音。

24)其言歎者,出隨所願開化諸音。

25)其言難者,出除八難罪殃之音。

26)其言盡者,出於盡滅無所生音。

27)其言處者,出消處所顛倒之音。

28)其言慧者,出智慧聖無罣礙音。

29)其言是者,出歸善惡殃福之音。

30)其言有者,出諸所行三有之音。

18721)唱闍字時,出降一切魔軍眾聲;

22)唱壤字時,出覺悟一切眾生聲;

23)唱吒(上聲)字時,出永斷一切道聲;

24)唱吒字時,出置答聲;

25)唱荼(上聲)字時,出斷一切魔惱亂聲;

26)唱荼字時,出一切境界皆是不淨聲;

27)唱拏(上聲)字時,出永拔微細煩惱聲;

28)唱多(上聲)字時,出一切法真如無別異聲;

29)唱他(上聲)字時,出勢力無畏聲;

30)唱陀(上聲)字時,出施戒質直聲;

21)When he said the letter jha, out came the statement: “Vanquishing the forces of the god of love (jhaṣadhvajabalanigrahaṇa).”

22)When he said the letter ña, out came the statement: “Making known (jñāpana).”

23)When he said the letter ṭa, out came the statement: “Severing the round of rebirths (vaṭṭopacchedana).”

24)When he said the letter ṭha, out came the statement: “A question rejected out of hand (ṭhapanīyapraśna).”

25)When he said the letter ḍa, out came the statement: “Vanquishing the evil one and those who cause discord (ḍamaramāranigrahaṇa).”

26)When he said the letter ḍha, out came the statement: “The impure regions (mīḍhaviṣayāḥ).”

27)When he said the letter ṇa, out came the statement: “Afflictions are subtle (reṇukleśāḥ).”

28)When he said the letter ta, out came the statement: “Suchness is undifferentiated (tathatāsaṁbheda).”

29)When he said the letter tha, out came the statement: “Strength, power, force, and self-confidence (thāmabalavegavaiśāradya).”

30)When he said the letter da, out came the statement: “Generosity, discipline, restraint, and gentleness (dānadamasaṁyamasaurabhya).”

3.

dhakāre dhanamāryāṇāṃ saptavidhamiti / nakāre nāmarūpaparijñāśabdaḥ / pakāre paramārthaśabdaḥ / phakāre phalaprāptisākṣātkriyāśabdaḥ / bakāre bandhanamokṣaśabdaḥ / bhakāre bhavavibhavaśabdaḥ / makāre madamānopaśamanaśabdaḥ / yakāre yathāvaddharmaprativedhaśabdaḥ / rakāre ratyaratiparamārtharatiśabdaḥ / lakāre latāchedanaśabdaḥ /

18631)其言棄者,棄諸所趣吾我諂音。

32)其言己者,出己所起善惡業音。

33)其言我者,出滅身垢愛欲之音。

34)其言垢者,出諸嫉妬等善惡友稱平等音。

35)其言數者,出諸所數調無明音。

36)其言處者,出處不處有齊限音。

37)其言若者,度若干想眾亂放逸寂希望音。

38)其言果者,證諸果實無所住音。

39)其言除者,出不貪己除五蓋音。

40)其言邪者,出邪疾患除憂惱音。

18731)唱陀字時,出希求七聖財聲;

32)唱那(上聲)字時,出遍知名色聲;

33)唱波(上聲)字時,出證第一義諦聲;

34)唱頗字時,出得果入現證聲;

35)唱婆(上聲)字時,出解脫一切繫縛聲;

36)唱婆字時,出斷一切有聲;

37)唱摩(上聲)字時,出銷滅一切憍慢聲;

38)唱也字時,出通達一切法聲;

39)唱羅字時,出厭離生死欣第一義諦聲;

40)唱羅(上聲)字時,出斷一切生死枝條聲;

31)When he said the letter dha, out came the statement: “The wealth of the noble ones is sevenfold (dhanamāryāṇāṁ saptavidham).”

32)When he said the letter na, out came the statement: “Full knowledge of name and form (nāmarūpaparijñā).”

33)When he said the letter pa, out came the statement: “The absolute (paramārtha).”

34)When he said the letter pha, out came the statement: “The actualization of the attainment of the fruition (phalaprāptisākṣātkriyā).”

35)When he said the letter ba, out came the statement: “Liberation from bondage (bandhanamokṣa).”[128]

36)When he said the letter bha, out came the statement: “The destruction of existence (bhavavibhava).”

37)When he said the letter ma, out came the statement: “The cessation of arrogance and pride (madamānopaśamana).”

38)When he said the letter ya, [F.68.a] out came the statement: “Understanding phenomena exactly as they are (yathāvaddharmaprativedha).”

39)When he said the letter ra, out came the statement: “Dissatisfaction with pleasure is delighting in the absolute (ratyaratiparamārtharati).”

40)When he said the letter la, out came the phrase: “Severing the vine (latāchedana).”

4.

vakāre varayānaśabdaḥ / śakāre śamathavipaśyanāśabdaḥ / ṣakāre ṣaḍāyatananigrahaṇābhijñajñānāvāptiśabdaḥ / sakāre sarvajñajñānābhisaṃbodhanaśabdaḥ / hakāre hatakleśavirāgaśabdaḥ / kṣakāre parikīrtyamāne kṣaṇaparyantābhilāpyasarvadharmaśabdo niścarati sma //

18641)其言慧者,出布施、戒、博聞之慧無妄想音。

18741)唱婆(上聲)字時,出最勝乘聲;

42)唱捨字時,出一切奢摩他毘鉢舍那聲;

43)唱沙(上聲)字時,出制伏六處得六神通聲;

44)唱娑字時,出現證一切智聲;

45)唱呵字時,出永害一切業煩惱聲;

46)唱差字時,出諸文字不能詮表一切法聲。

41)When he said the letter va, out came the statement: “The best vehicle (varayāna).”

42)When he said the letter śa, out came the statement: “Calm abiding and insight (śamathavipaśyanā).”

43)When he said the letter ṣa, out came the statement: “Destroying the six sense bases and obtaining the superknowledges and wisdoms (ṣaḍāyatananigrahaṇābhijñajñānāvāpti).”

44)When he said the letter sa, out came the statement: “Attaining the perfect awakening to omniscient wisdom (sarvajñajñānābhisaṁbodhana).”

45)When he said the letter ha, out came the statement: “Destroying the afflictions and parting from desire (hatakleśavirāga).”

46)When he said the letter kṣa, out came the statement: “Reaching the end of letters, all phenomena are ineffable (kṣaraparyantābhilāpya sarvadharma).”

大般涅槃經卷第八,北涼天竺三藏曇無讖譯
迦葉菩薩白佛言:世尊!云何如來說字根本?
佛言:善男子!說初半字,以為根本,持諸記論,呪術文章,諸陰實法。凡夫之人學是字本,然後能知是法、非法。
迦葉菩薩復白佛言:世尊!所言字者,其義云何?
善男子!有十四音名為字義,所言字者,名曰涅槃,常故不流,若不流者,則為無盡,夫無盡者,即是如來金剛之身,是十四音,名曰字本。
噁者,不破壞故,不破壞者,名曰三寶,喻如金剛。又復噁者,名不流故,不流者即是如來,如來九孔無所流故,是故不流。又無九孔是故不流,不流即常,常即如來,如來無作是故不流。又復噁者名為功德,功德者即是三寶,是故名噁。
阿者,名阿闍梨,阿闍梨者,義何謂耶?於世間中,得名聖者。何謂為聖?聖名無著。少欲知足亦名清淨,能度眾生於三有流生死大海,是名為聖。又復阿者名曰制度,修持淨戒隨順威儀。又復阿者名依聖人,應學威儀進止舉動,供養恭敬禮拜三尊,孝養父母及學大乘,善男女等具持禁戒,及諸菩薩摩訶薩等,是名聖人。又復阿者名曰教誨,如言汝來,如是應作,如是莫作,若有能遮非威儀法,是名聖人,是故名阿。
億者,即是佛法,梵行廣大,清淨無垢,喻如滿月。汝等如是,應作、不作,是義、非義,此是佛說、此是魔說,是故名億。
伊者,佛法微妙甚深難得,如自在天大梵天王,法名自在,若能持者,則名護法;又自在者,名四護世,是四自在,則能攝護大涅槃經,亦能自在敷揚宣說。又復伊者,能為眾生自在說法。復次伊者為自在故,說何等是也?所謂修習方等經典。復次伊者,為斷嫉妬,如除稗穢,皆悉能令變成吉祥,是故名伊。
郁者,於諸經中最上最勝,增長上上謂大涅槃。復次郁者如來之性,聲聞緣覺所未曾聞。如一切處,北欝單越最為殊勝;菩薩若能聽受是經,於一切眾最為殊勝。以是義故,是經得名最上最勝,是故名郁。
優者,喻如牛乳,諸味中上,如來之性亦復如是,於諸經中最尊最上,若有誹謗,當知是人與牛無別。復次優者,是人名為無慧、正念。誹謗如來微密祕藏,當知是人甚可憐愍,遠離如來祕密之藏,說無我法,是故名優。
㖶者,即是諸佛、法性、涅槃,是故名㖶。
嘢者,謂如來義。復次嘢者,如來進止、屈伸、舉動,無不利益一切眾生,是故名嘢。
烏者,名煩惱義,煩惱者名曰諸漏,如來永斷一切煩惱,是故名烏。
炮者,謂大乘義,於十四音是究竟義。大乘經典亦復如是,於諸經論最為究竟,是故名炮。
菴者,能遮一切諸不淨物,於佛法中能捨一切金銀寶物,是故名菴。
阿者,名勝乘義。何以故?此大乘典大涅槃經,於諸經中最為殊勝,是故名阿。
迦者,於諸眾生起大慈悲,生於子想,如羅睺羅,作妙上善義,是故名迦。
佉者,名非善友,非善友者,名為雜穢。不信如來祕密之藏,是故名佉。
伽者,名藏,藏者即是如來祕藏,一切眾生皆有佛性,是故名伽。
[口*恒]者,如來常音。何等名為如來常音?所謂如來常住不變,是故名[口*恒]。
俄者,一切諸行破壞之相,是故名俄。
遮者,即是修義,調伏一切諸眾生故,名為修義,是故名遮。
車者,如來覆蔭一切眾生,喻如大蓋,是故名車。
闍者,是正解脫,無有老相,是故名闍。
膳者,煩惱繁茂,喻如稠林,是故名膳。
喏者,是智慧義,知真法性,是故名喏。
吒者,於閻浮提示現半身而演說法,喻如半月,是故名吒。
侘者,法身具足,喻如滿月,是故名侘。
荼者,是愚癡僧,不知常與無常,喻如小兒,是故名荼。
祖者,不知師恩,喻如羝羊,是故名祖。
拏者,非是聖義,喻如外道,是故名拏。
多者,如來於彼告諸比丘,宜離驚畏,當為汝等說微妙法,是故名多。
他者,名愚癡義,眾生流轉生死,纏裹如蠶蜣蜋,是故名他。
陀者,名曰大施,所謂大乘,是故名陀。
彈者,稱讚功德,所謂三寶,如須彌山,高峻廣大,無有傾倒,是故名彈。
那者,三寶安住,無有傾動,喻如門閫,是故名那。
波者,名顛倒義,若言三寶悉皆滅盡,當知是人為自疑惑,是故名波。
頗者,是世間災,若言世間災起之時三寶亦盡,當知是人,愚癡無智違失聖旨,是故名頗。
婆者,名佛十力,是故名婆。
滼者,名為重擔,堪任荷負無上正法,當知是人是大菩薩,是故名滼。
摩者,是諸菩薩嚴峻制度,所謂大乘大般涅槃,是故名摩。
蛇者,是諸菩薩,在在處處為諸眾生說大乘法,是故名蛇。
囉者,能壞貪欲、瞋恚、愚癡,說真實法,是故名囉。
羅者,名聲聞乘,動轉不住,大乘安固無有傾動,捨聲聞乘,精勤修習無上大乘,是故名羅。
和者,如來世尊,為諸眾生雨大法雨,所謂世間呪術經書,是故名和。
奢者遠離三箭,是故名奢。
沙者,名具足義,若能聽是大涅槃經,則為已得聞持一切大乘經典,是故名沙。
娑者,為諸眾生演說正法,令心歡喜,是故名娑。
呵者,名心歡喜,奇哉世尊,離一切行,怪哉如來,入般涅槃,是故名呵。
[口*荼]者,名曰魔義,無量諸魔不能毀壞如來祕藏,是故名[口*荼]。復次[口*荼]者,乃至示現隨順世間,有父母妻子,是故名[口*荼]
魯、流、盧、樓,如是四字,說有四義,謂佛、法、僧及以對法。言對法者隨順世間,如調婆達示現壞僧,化作種種形貌色像;為制戒故,智者了達,不應於此而生畏怖,是名隨順世間之行,以是故名魯、流、盧、樓。
吸氣舌根、隨鼻之聲,長短超聲,隨音解義,皆因舌齒而有差別,如是字義,能令眾生口業清淨。眾生佛性則不如是假於文字然後清淨。何以故?性本淨故。雖復處在陰界入中,則不同於陰入界也,是故眾生悉應歸依諸菩薩等,以佛性故等視眾生無有差別,是故半字於諸經書、記論文章,而為根本。又半字義,皆是煩惱言說之本,故名半字。滿字者乃是一切善法言說之根本也,譬如世間,為惡之者名為半人,修善之者名為滿人。如是一切經書記論,皆因半字而為根本。若言如來及正解脫,入於半字,是事不然。何以故?離文字故,是故如來於一切法,無礙無著真得解脫。何等名為解了字義?有知如來出現於世,能滅半字,是故名為解了字義。若有隨逐半字義者,是人不知如來之性。何等名為無字義也?親近修習不善法者,是名無字。又無字者雖能親近修習善法,不知如來常與無常、恒與非恒,及法僧二寶、律與非律、經與非經、魔說佛說,若有不能如是分別,是名隨逐無字義也。我今已說如是隨逐無字之義,善男子!是故汝今應離半字,善解滿字。
迦葉菩薩白佛言:世尊!我等應當善學字數,今我值遇無上之師,已受如來慇懃誨勅。
佛讚迦葉:善哉,善哉!樂正法者,應如是學。