2024年3月23日 星期六

中觀四百論-第六品 明斷煩惱方便品

 第六 明斷煩惱方便品
問曰:欲度脫輪回生死,即應斷除其因——業和煩惱,而佛教沙門接受高大寬敞的房屋精舍和百味飲食等供養,顯然不應理。因為享受這些安樂資具即會增長貪欲,所以必須如同外道宗派一樣,斷除這些貪欲的所依境,依身體受寒熱饑渴逼惱等苦行,來斷除業和煩惱。
1. 由樂增長貪,由苦增長瞋,若樂非苦行,苦何為苦行。
[索]由安樂享受能增長貪欲,而由苦惱逼迫即會增長嗔恚,如果說身受安樂非斷除業煩惱的苦行,那麼身受苦逼又為何是苦行呢?

問曰:貪嗔癡三毒各有什麼樣的危害作用呢?
2. 貪業能攝集,瞋業起鬥爭,癡業能增長,如風於大種。
[索]貪欲的作用能攝集有情及財物;嗔恚的作用即是興起鬥爭;癡的作用能增長貪嗔諸毒,就象風大對諸大種能遍及推動增長作用一樣。

問曰:既有對治三毒的方便,又為什麼要斷除它們呢?
3. 不會故貪苦,無助故瞋苦,無知故愚癡,由彼不達彼。
[索]不能會遇所愛境故生貪苦;欲舍離對境而無助力故生嗔苦;不知無我理故而生愚癡苦,由於它的蔽覆所以不能了達彼等貪嗔是苦。

問曰:如癡與貪或嗔能相遇而同時生起,是否貪嗔也能同時生起呢?
4. 如現見痰病、膽病不俱起;如是現見瞋,與貪不俱起。
[索]猶如現量見到痰(涎)病與膽病,不會同時於一有情身中生起;同樣可以現見嗔恚與貪欲不會于一相續中同時生起。

5. 役貪如奴僕,不愛治彼故;敬瞋如事主,愛敬治彼故。
[索]應役使貪者如同奴僕,因為以不愛護的方法才可對治他的貪心;應敬重嗔者如同承事主人一般,因為愛敬可以對治他的嗔恚。

問曰:上頌說了對治貪者嗔者的方便,但是在同一相續中,有時貪心重,有時嗔心或癡心重,那麼這三毒在同一相續中以什麼次第而現起呢?
6. 初時愚癡生,中間起瞋恚,末後生貪欲,每日三時起。
[索]一日之初時人的愚癡易生,中間容易生起嗔恚,末後晚上容易生貪欲,每日早中晚三時會生起不同煩惱。
月稱菩薩言:當知惑次第,修持對治法,方能治煩惱,如醫治疾病。

問曰:貪心能為自己帶來安樂,如同幫助自己做事的親友一般,為什麼要斷除它呢?
7. 貪非親似親,汝於彼無畏,人於無益親,豈非特應離。
[索]貪欲並非親友卻表現得象親友一樣,因而你對它一點也不起畏懼,可實際上人們對無益的親友,難道不是特別應該遠離嗎?
月稱菩薩言:“如人棄今生,不用無義事,自己當盡除,如似親貪欲。”若人捨棄了今世,即不用此無義之事,因而自己當盡除似親友之貪欲。

問曰:貪心是否都易斷除呢?
8. 貪有從因生,亦有從緣起,從緣所起貪,易糾治非餘。
[索]貪欲有些是從往昔串習的同類因生起,也有些是從外境的緣生起;從緣而起的貪欲容易對治糾正,而其餘從因所生的貪欲不易斷。
月稱菩薩言:緣生諸煩惱,精勤易糾治,自性諸煩惱,精勤難斷除。

問曰:嗔恨心有什麼過患,以何方式而斷除呢?
9. 瞋恚極堅固,定惡作大罪,知如是差別,當盡煩惱際。
[索]嗔恚是相續中極為堅固難舍的煩惱,它決定是有害惡法,能作極大罪業,了知如是差別過患後,應當斷盡嗔恨煩惱之邊際。
月稱菩薩言:知煩惱差別,依止對治法,速得寂滅果,如病依良藥。

問曰:如上已說貪嗔性相差別,但癡相差別如何?
10. 如身中身根,癡遍一切住,故一切煩惱,由癡斷隨斷。
[索]猶如身體中的身根遍于其餘諸根一樣,癡遍於一切煩惱而住;所以一切煩惱,由癡惱斷滅即會隨之而斷滅。
月稱菩薩言:猶如斷頭者,命根亦無存,如是斷癡者,煩惱隨自滅。 

問曰:對非理作意的愚癡煩惱,以何方法才能對治斷除呢?
11. 若見緣起理,愚癡則不生,故此一切力,唯應說彼語。
[索]若能現見緣起空性之理,愚癡則不能再生起,因而此論盡一切力量,唯獨應說的即是緣起性空理趣之語。
月稱菩薩言:“愚癡與智慧,不可同俱住,如同光明日,黑暗不共住。

問曰:怎樣了知他人是貪欲熾盛的有情呢?
12. 常好歌舞等,捨受者潔淨,現見有貪人,有如是等相。
[索]經常愛好歌舞等事物,好為舍者或受者,喜歡潔淨等,現見具貪欲的人,有如是征相特點。
月稱菩薩言:貪欲令他貪,自貪心生喜,嗔恚則相反,愚者則迷惑!

問曰:當以何等方便調伏貪欲熾盛的行者呢?
13. 佛教有貪者,衣食及住處,一切離善妙,常依師長住。
[索]佛陀教誡具有熾盛貪欲的行者,對衣服飲食及住處等一切受用,遠離美好善妙,而且要恒常依止師長而住。
月稱菩薩言:何人依對治,息滅諸煩惱,如是有對治,則不增煩惱。

問曰:生嗔恚有什麼過失呢?
14. 無能而瞋恚,唯使自己醜;有能亦無悲,說此最下等。
[索]如果自己無有能力而生嗔恚,唯有使自己面容醜惡而無有意義;若自己具有能力而生嗔恨,也是無有悲湣的惡行,佛說這種嗔恚是最下等的。
月稱菩薩言:嗔恨與猛火,最初燒自己,之後漸盛燃,焚燒諸他物。

問曰:別人對自己說粗惡語時,該如何調伏自己的嗔恚呢?
15. 說不悅意聲,能淨昔作惡,愚蒙不善士,不樂自清淨。
[索]他人說不悅意的語聲,能淨除自己往昔所作的惡業,只有受愚癡蒙蔽的不善士,才不樂自己罪障清淨。
月稱菩薩言“若人以惡語,中傷自己時,于己饒益故,智者不應嗔。

問曰:雖然安忍不悅意語有功德,但是正在聽別人的惡語時,自己會受很大損惱,因此不得不生嗔恨心。
16. 所聞不悅意,自住無損惱,故從分別生,妄執由他起。
[索]所聽聞的不悅意語,其自性無有任何損惱,所以毀辱損惱是從自己的分別心生起,只是因愚癡才妄執為由他人所起。
月稱論師說:聞詞雖無害,愚者心生苦,智者聞聲語,無苦亦無喜。

問曰:毀罵惡語怎會沒有損惱過失,世間典章中不是明確規定過應治罰毀罵者嗎?
17. 如對毀罵者,則說應治罰,如是對讚者,何不說供養。
[索]如果對毀罵者,典章法規則說應予以治罰,那麼同樣對讚歎者,為何不說應當供養呢?
月稱菩薩言:罵者與贊者,此二皆相同,為何選其一,故彼非定量。

問曰:毀罵者在眾人中說自己的過失,所以應嗔恨他。
18. 汝不說可呵,若餘亦知者,不應瞋說者,況瞋不實說。
[索]如果你不說自己的可呵之處,其餘人也知道,那麼對揭露這些過失者,不應該起嗔惱,更何況對說不實語誹謗自己者嗔惱呢?
月稱菩薩說:正士已見諦,無論是真實,抑或非真實,皆無生嗔時。

問曰:聽到世間那些粗暴惡劣者說惡語時,如何調伏自心呢?
19. 從諸惡劣人,非僅出惡語,惡人發惡語,實屬於少分。
[索]從諸惡劣人之中,不僅僅是發出惡語而已,惡人發出了一點惡語,實際上只屬於少分輕微的惡行。
月稱菩薩說:劣者無不說,無惡不作故,僅說此惡語,彼屬於少分。

問曰:如果別人無緣無故毀罵自己,以嗔惱懲罰他,難道不是合法合理的嗎?
20. 損害於他人,於自無少德,汝重無德瞋,唯屬於妄執。
[索]報復損害他人對自己無有少分功德利益,而你重視這種有過無德的嗔惱,只是屬於非理的顛倒妄執。
月稱菩薩言:有者雖妄執,害他自有德,大乘種姓者,不能害他眾。

問曰:若怨仇惡人對自己經常損害,障礙修行,這時候該如何調伏自心呢?
21. 若忍無劬勞,能得大福德,若於忍作障,有誰愚同彼。
[索]若能修習忍辱,則無需劬勞即能獲得大福德;如果有人將忍辱境作為障礙,有誰同他一樣愚癡呢?
月稱菩薩說:佛說依忍力,修忍最勝法,是故趣佛法,並非法障礙。

22. 特對強力者,瞋恚則不起,瞋唯陵羸弱,汝何敬重彼。
[索]專門對強而有力者,嗔恚則不會生起,而嗔心只是欺淩羸弱者,所以你為什麼要敬重這種欺軟怕硬的嗔恚呢?
月稱菩薩說:于諸強力者,已知未生嗔,具德諸智者,不應淩弱者。

問曰:若修忍辱,別人會認為自己軟弱膽怯無力報復,以此會更加欺侮,所以應生嗔恚。
23. 若於瞋處忍,能生諸修德,於德處云畏,汝唯是愚夫。
[索]如果對生嗔境修習安忍,能生起諸修忍功德,那麼將忍辱功德處說成畏懼處,你這樣只是愚夫的表現。
月稱菩薩言:離忍愚夫眾,以嗔造大罪,智者修安忍,獲得勝功德。

問曰:自己有力量摧毀他人的輕侮時,如果遇到侮辱損害,會不自覺地生起嗔怒懲罰對方,此時該如何對治呢?
24. 誰滅盡侮毀,而生於他世,與其自作惡,受侮尤善哉。
[索]誰能保持滅盡一切侮辱損毀,而生於他世呢?因此應當思維與其自己作惡墮落惡趣而感受痛苦,不如甘受欺侮更好一些。
月稱菩薩言:寧可受欺侮,不可作惡業,作惡墮地獄,受辱非如是。

問曰:如上對治煩惱方便雖有眾多,但是有沒有能夠徹底斷除一切嗔等煩惱的方法呢?
25. 若誰能真知,內識住等相,有此智慧者,煩惱終不住。
[索]若有誰人能真實了知,內在心識生住滅等相的本質,具有這種智慧的人,煩惱始終不會住在其相續中。
月稱菩薩說:若誰能真知,內識生住等,以及外境相,則除愚癡暗。

CHAPTER 6
126. If desire increases through pleasure
And anger increases through pain,
Why are those with pleasure not ascetics?
Why are the ascetics those with pain?
127. Desire's activity is acquisition;
Anger's activity is conflict.
As wind is to all the elements,
Confusion's activity is nurture.
128. Desire is painful because of not getting;
Anger is painful through lack of might,
And confusion through not understanding.
Because of this, these are not recognized.
129. Just as it is seen that bile
Does not occur with phlegm,
One sees that desire, too,
Does not occur with anger.
130. Desire should be driven like a slave
Because severity is its cure,
And anger looked upon as a lord
Because indulgence is its cure.
131. First there is confusion,
In the middle there is anger,
And later there is desire,
In three stages during the day.
132. Desire is no friend, but seems like one,
Which is why you do not fear it.
But shouldn't people particularly
Rid themselves of a harmful friend?
133. Desire arises from causes and
Also arises through circumstance.
Desire arising through circumstance
Is easy to deal with; not the other.
134. Anger is lasting and certainly
Makes one do grave non-virtue.
Thus constant awareness of their distinctions
Will bring to an end disturbing attitudes.

135. As the tactile sense [pervades] the body
Confusion is present in them all.
By overcoming confusion one will also
Overcome all disturbing attitudes.
136. When dependent arising is seen
Confusion will not occur.
Thus every effort has been made here
To explain precisely this subject.
137. They always like "Claiming the Earth",
Are extravagant, greedy and fastidious.
Characteristics such as these
Are seen in people with desire.
138. Buddhas told those with desire
That food, clothes and dwellings are all
To be avoided and to remain
Close to their spiritual guides.
139. Through anger, those who are powerless
Only make themselves look ugly;
But one who has power and is merciless
Is said to be the worst.
140. It is said unpleasant words
End previously done ill deeds.
The ignorant and unwise do not
Want to purify themselves.
141. Though unpleasant to hear
They are not intrinsically harmful.
Thus thinking what comes from preconception
Comes from elsewhere is fantasy.
142. Just as it plainly says
The abuser should be punished,
Likewise why should one who speaks
Pleasantly not be rewarded?
143. If that for which you are reviled
Is known to others though they are not told,
And anger at the speaker is unreasonable,
How much more so towards those who lie.

144. Abuse from inferiors
Does not ensure escape.
Abuse from inferiors thus should be
Seen as isolated and trivial.
145. If harming others is not even
Of the slightest use to you,
Your approval of useless aggressiveness
Is just an addiction.
146. If through patience enormous merit
Is acquired effortlessly,
Who is as foolish as
One who obstructs this?
147. Aggressiveness especially
Does not arise towards the powerful.
Why then do you approve of
Aggressiveness which defeats the weak?
148. Whoever is patient with the source
Of anger develops meditation.
Saying you fear the source of
Good qualities is just foolish of you.
149. Who has gone to the next world
Having ended all disparagement?
Therefore consider contempt
Preferable to ill deeds.
150. Disturbing attitudes will never
Remain in the mind of one
Who understands the reality of
The abiding and so forth of consciousness.